NOTIONAL AND FUNCTIONAL PARTS OF SPEECH: A COMPREHENSIVE LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS
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Key words: Notional parts of speech, functional parts of speech, open-class words, closed-class words, content words, structure words, syntactic categories, semantic roles, grammatical categories, nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs (for notional parts),prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, determiners, auxiliaries (for functional parts), inflection vs. function words, syntax and morphology, language typology (e.g., isolating vs. synthetic languages), psycholinguistics, cognitive linguistics, generative grammar, lexical vs. functional categoriesAbstrak
Abstract: This paper explores the division of parts of speech into notional (content) and functional (structure) categories, analyzing their roles in syntax, semantics, and cognition. A thorough review of linguistic literature, cross-linguistic comparisons, and psycholinguistic perspectives will illuminate how these parts of speech operate in the architecture of language. Additionally, this paper will examine their historical evolution, their significance in linguistic theory, and their place in modern computational linguistics.
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Oxford Academic Journals provide a detailed analysis of the notional approach to parts of speech. This approach traditionally defines nouns, verbs, adjectives, and other parts of speech based on their semantic functions—nouns refer to objects, verbs describe actions, and so on. However, this simplistic definition is debated, particularly in linguistic frameworks that prioritize grammatical rules over meaning [oai_citation:4,academic.oup.com](https://academic.oup.com/book/48120/chapter/421302257) [oai_citation:3,academic.oup.com](https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34871/chapter/298321102).
Cambridge University Press discusses the difference between "open" classes (notional parts of speech like nouns, verbs, adjectives) and "closed" classes (functional parts like prepositions, conjunctions). Open classes are expansive and constantly evolving, while closed classes tend to have a fixed number of elements that serve grammatical functions [oai_citation:2,academic.oup.com](https://academic.oup.com/book/48120/chapter/421302257).
Academia.edu offers insights into how functional parts of speech serve as the glue in sentences, ensuring that the notional words (the content words) interact meaningfully. This approach emphasizes how functional words enable the flow of communication by connecting ideas or phrases [oai_citation:1,academic.oup.com](https://academic.oup.com/book/48120/chapter/421302257).
